Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reactive molecules that contain oxygen and are naturally produced by cells. Common ROS include superoxide (•O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). ROS are generated during normal cellular processes, including mitochondrial respiration, and can also be produced by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase.

The body has antioxidant systems that help regulate ROS levels. Enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase help convert or break down different ROS. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), including nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻), are a related group of reactive molecules often discussed alongside ROS.

ROS have normal biological functions. They are involved in cellular signalling and immune responses and are also generated as part of the body’s response to tissue injury. During wound healing, ROS are involved in the early response to injury and in cellular processes associated with inflammation, defence against microorganisms, and tissue repair.

ROS levels are normally regulated by the body’s antioxidant systems. When ROS production becomes excessive or remains elevated for a prolonged period, it can result in oxidative stress. Excessive ROS can react with and damage cellular components, including lipids, proteins, and DNA. In wound care, this balance is important because prolonged oxidative stress has been associated with impaired healing, particularly in chronic wounds.

Disclaimer: This information is for general educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult a qualified healthcare professional for advice about any health concern.